Japan is known worldwide as one of the most developed and civilized nations. From advanced technology to disciplined culture, Japan often sets a global standard. Whether it’s their innovations in electronics or the politeness of their citizens, Japan is admired by many. However, beneath this surface lies a lesser-known issue—an ancient and deep-rooted discrimination against a community known as the Burakumin.
This hidden social division, often unnoticed by the outside world, highlights a troubling aspect of Japan’s history and society.
Who Are the Burakumin?
The word "Burakumin" literally means "village people." Historically, they lived in small communities called "buraku." While the word itself is neutral, it became associated with people who did jobs considered "unclean" or "impure." The Burakumin were involved in professions like leatherwork, butchering animals, managing funerals, and cleaning waste—tasks seen as spiritually dirty by traditional Japanese beliefs, particularly in Buddhism and Shintoism. Because of these occupations, the Burakumin were labeled as “eta,” meaning “extreme filth,” and were treated as outcasts.
Even though Japan officially abolished the caste system in 1871, the prejudice against the Burakumin didn’t disappear. They continue to face social exclusion, low-paying jobs, and limited opportunities, showing that the discrimination is still present in modern Japan.
The History Behind the Discrimination
To understand where this discrimination began, we need to look back at Japan’s Tokugawa period (1603-1868). During this time, society was divided into strict classes: samurai (warriors), farmers, artisans, and merchants. Below these groups were the Burakumin, who were given the dirtiest and least respected jobs. They were not allowed to own land, dress like others, or live among the general population.
This separation wasn’t just a matter of personal prejudice; it was enforced by law. The Burakumin were stuck in these low-status jobs and had no way to move up in society. Even their appearance was controlled, making them easy to identify and isolate.
Discrimination in Modern Times
Although the caste system was officially abolished in the late 19th century, the Burakumin didn’t gain real equality. Even today, they continue to face discrimination, often in subtle and hidden ways. Unlike other countries where social issues like caste discrimination are openly discussed, Japan tends to avoid talking about the Burakumin issue. Many people in Japan aren’t even fully aware of this history of discrimination.
In 2009, when Google released old maps of Japan, certain areas were clearly marked as Burakumin settlements. This caused an uproar, and civil rights groups protested until the maps were removed. This event showed that even though Japan claims to treat everyone equally, the Burakumin are still seen as different and less deserving.
In the past, Japanese companies were known to conduct "background checks" to find out if job applicants had any Burakumin ancestry. If they did, they would often be rejected, regardless of how qualified they were. This kind of discrimination was widespread in the 1970s, although it is now illegal.
Barriers to Education and Jobs
The Burakumin face challenges in education and employment that keep them trapped in a cycle of poverty. Historically, they were not allowed to attend regular schools. Even when education became more accessible, the schools in Burakumin areas were often poor in quality. This meant that many Burakumin children grew up without the same opportunities as others, limiting their chances to improve their lives.
Even when qualified, Burakumin individuals often struggle to get good jobs because of lingering prejudice. Although background checks are now banned, subtle biases still affect hiring decisions.
Crime and Social Isolation: The Yakuza Connection
One of the most tragic results of this discrimination is the link between the Burakumin and organized crime, particularly the Yakuza. With limited job opportunities and social acceptance, many Burakumin find themselves drawn into crime as a means of survival. The Yakuza provides a sense of belonging and financial security that they struggle to find elsewhere.
This connection to crime has only reinforced negative stereotypes. Many Japanese people associate the Burakumin with violence and criminal behavior, further isolating them from mainstream society.
The Fight for Rights: Activism and Progress
Despite these challenges, there have been efforts to fight for Burakumin rights. In 1922, the Suiheisha (Levelers Society) was formed to demand equality for the Burakumin. After World War II, activism grew stronger with the creation of the Buraku Liberation League (BLL). These groups pushed for better living conditions, education, and job opportunities for the Burakumin.
One major achievement was making discriminatory hiring practices illegal. Companies can no longer reject someone based on their Burakumin background. Additionally, insulting terms like "Eta" are now considered hate speech and are punishable by law.
The Ongoing Challenge of Silence
While there have been legal improvements, social stigma remains. Japanese society tends to avoid talking about the Burakumin issue, believing that silence will prevent further discrimination. However, critics argue that this silence only hides the problem, allowing prejudice to continue in less obvious ways.
Surveys show that although open discrimination is less common now, many Japanese people still hold unconscious biases. For example, some people are reluctant to marry someone from a Burakumin family or live in a neighborhood known for its Burakumin population.
Conclusion: A Long Road to Equality
The story of the Burakumin highlights a hidden side of Japan, one that clashes with the image of a modern, fair society. Although progress has been made in reducing discrimination, true equality is still far from reality. Addressing this issue requires not just legal changes but also a cultural shift in how society views and treats marginalized groups.
Education, open discussion, and continued activism are essential for breaking down the long-standing barriers that keep the Burakumin on the fringes of society. The path to inclusion and equality is long, but it is necessary for Japan to truly live up to its image as a harmonious and just nation.
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